英语和汉语的十大差异
发表时间:2020-05-18 20:36
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英汉同属屈折变化(inflection)较少的分析性语言(analytical language),而不属综合型语言(synthetic language)。
语源:英语属印欧语系(Indo-European language);汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Language)。
1、英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis)。
英语“竹节句法”,种种连接词(connecting device)。
汉语重意合,结构松弛(loosely structured),多用意思连接的积累式分句(accumulative clause)或独立的单句(independent sentence),彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。
2、英语:前重心;汉语:后重心。
a. 英语:先果后因;汉语:先因后果。
Eg: 生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.
b. 英语:“头重脚轻”; 汉语:论据——结论,前轻后重。
Eg: 揭露这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,这就是五四运动的一个极大的功绩。
A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.
c. 英语:断言——条件;汉语:条件——断言。
Eg: 小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于起来拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
3、英语:静态(static)语言;汉语:动态(dynamic)语言。
英语静态特征之表现是多维的,主要有句法方式或词汇方式。前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词(如v-ed, v-ing和不定式)、省略动词(如be或谓语成分)以及将动词名词化等;后者使用动词的同源名词(如free-freedom)、同源形容词(如doubt-doubtful)、介词及副词等。
汉语往往大量采用兼语式或连动式,动词也无形态变化。
4、英语:重物称(impersonal);汉语重人称(personal)。
英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语做主语;汉语以能施行动作或有生命的物体为主语之首选。
5、英语:多被动;汉语:多主动。
6、英语:多复合长句;汉语:多简单短句。
Eg: As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。
7、英语:重后饰(back modifier);汉语:重前饰(preceding modifier)。
8、英语:重短语;汉语:轻短语。
9、英语:重实体;汉语:轻实体。
10、英语:重形态;汉语:轻形态。
a. 构词:汉语的字、词与字词之间的拼联的组合力极强。但与英语的词缀所含的强大孳生力相比,它又相形逊色。
Eg: deinstitutionalization 让住院的精神病患者出院
b. 代词:作为形态标记的代词在汉语中受尽“冷落”,而在英语中“炙手可热”。
Eg: Tom Mann said he must speak to him and advanced as Lenin came towards us. How glad he was to greet Tom Mann! His face lit up with pleasure as he told Tom how closely he had followed his activities all over the world.
汤姆·曼说得和列宁说几句话。当列宁朝着我们走来的时候,他就迎了上去。列宁招呼汤姆·曼时显得多么高兴啊!他满脸笑容地告诉汤姆说,他随时密切注意汤姆在世界各地的种种活动。
语源:英语属印欧语系(Indo-European language);汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Language)。
1、英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis)。
英语“竹节句法”,种种连接词(connecting device)。
汉语重意合,结构松弛(loosely structured),多用意思连接的积累式分句(accumulative clause)或独立的单句(independent sentence),彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。
2、英语:前重心;汉语:后重心。
a. 英语:先果后因;汉语:先因后果。
Eg: 生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.
b. 英语:“头重脚轻”; 汉语:论据——结论,前轻后重。
Eg: 揭露这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,这就是五四运动的一个极大的功绩。
A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.
c. 英语:断言——条件;汉语:条件——断言。
Eg: 小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于起来拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
3、英语:静态(static)语言;汉语:动态(dynamic)语言。
英语静态特征之表现是多维的,主要有句法方式或词汇方式。前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词(如v-ed, v-ing和不定式)、省略动词(如be或谓语成分)以及将动词名词化等;后者使用动词的同源名词(如free-freedom)、同源形容词(如doubt-doubtful)、介词及副词等。
汉语往往大量采用兼语式或连动式,动词也无形态变化。
4、英语:重物称(impersonal);汉语重人称(personal)。
英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语做主语;汉语以能施行动作或有生命的物体为主语之首选。
5、英语:多被动;汉语:多主动。
6、英语:多复合长句;汉语:多简单短句。
Eg: As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。
7、英语:重后饰(back modifier);汉语:重前饰(preceding modifier)。
8、英语:重短语;汉语:轻短语。
9、英语:重实体;汉语:轻实体。
10、英语:重形态;汉语:轻形态。
a. 构词:汉语的字、词与字词之间的拼联的组合力极强。但与英语的词缀所含的强大孳生力相比,它又相形逊色。
Eg: deinstitutionalization 让住院的精神病患者出院
b. 代词:作为形态标记的代词在汉语中受尽“冷落”,而在英语中“炙手可热”。
Eg: Tom Mann said he must speak to him and advanced as Lenin came towards us. How glad he was to greet Tom Mann! His face lit up with pleasure as he told Tom how closely he had followed his activities all over the world.
汤姆·曼说得和列宁说几句话。当列宁朝着我们走来的时候,他就迎了上去。列宁招呼汤姆·曼时显得多么高兴啊!他满脸笑容地告诉汤姆说,他随时密切注意汤姆在世界各地的种种活动。